![]() ![]() In some cases an experienced forging engineer can predict properties, such as yield strength, in critical areas of the forging with reasonable accuracy. Predictability is enhanced by two characteristics of forgings. Forging alloys are homogeneous, and not subject to variations in composition, such as orientation of reinforcing fibers in composites.įorgings are fully dense and not subjected to discontinuities, such as porosity in castings.The essential mechanical properties of forging alloys and the effect of processing are summarized in Table 3-3.Table 3.3 Effects of Processing on Mechanical Properties Propertyī: Hot, Warm or Cold Forged and Heat TreatedĬ: Warm or Cold Forged Without Heat Treatment ![]() Subject to variations due to variations in cooling rates. Varies within the forging with section size, heat treatment and material hardenability. Warm forging, varies due to variations in cooling rate. Will vary with variations in cooling rate and forging temperature. Can be enhanced by control of grain flow.Īffected by grain flow and controlled by heat treatment.Ĭold forging, will vary with amount of grain flow. Warm forging, will vary with variations in cooling rate. The variations in properties due to processing have various implications on design, depending on the critical requirements of the application. The implications are of special interest in the preliminary design stage when computerized engineering tools such as finite element analysis or modal analysis are used. Table 3-4 Performance Predictability for Selected Design Criteria Design Criteriaĭeflection or vibration response at stress levels below yield strengthĭensity, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's Ratio Several classes of application are summarized in Table 3-4. Modulus of elasticity, Poisson's Ratio, yield strength Static loads developing stresses below yield strength Performance is predictable for all groups, but yield strength may be difficult to predict for Groups A and C. Minimum performance is predictable for Group A. Static loads developing stresses in the plastic deformation range below fracture Performance is usually better for groups B and C, but properties are more difficult to predict an may vary within the part. Modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s Ratio, yield strength and plastic stress-strain data. Impact loads causing gross plastic deformationĭifficult to model regardless of forging process and heat treatment unless input loads can be predicted. ![]()
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